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11 Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Engineering 岩土和地下工程 Soil Loadings in buildings consist of the combined dead and imposed loads which exert a downward pressure upon the soil on which the structure is founded and this in turn promotes a reactive force in the form of an upward pressure from the soil. The structure is in effect sandwiched between these opposite pressures and the design of the building must be able to resist the resultant stresses set up within the structural members and the general building fabric. The supporting subsoil must be able to develop sufficient reactive force to give stability to the structure to prevent failure due to unequal settlement and to prevent failure of the subsoil due to shear. To enable a designer to select, design and detail a suitable foundation he (she) must have adequate data regarding the nature of the soil on which the structure will be founded and this is normally obtained from a planned soil investigation programmer. 建筑荷载由组合荷载和外加荷载组成，建筑荷载在地基土结构上施加向下的力，反过来土又促进一个向上的反作用力，结构实际上是夹在这些反作用力之间的，建筑设计必须能够抵御作用在结构构件和一般建筑结构上的合成力。底土的支撑力必须能够产生足够的反作用力来稳定结构防止不均匀沉降和底土的剪切破坏。为了确保设计者选择、设计并详细说明一个合适的基础，他（她）必须有足够的关于天然土的数据，在此基础上结构才会被建立，而这些数据通常从土壤调查报告中得到。 Although they are closely related, soil mechanics and foundation engineering are not synonymous. Foundation engineering as a profession is a subtle combination of soil mechanics and engineering geology with the intuitive art of judgment and innovation where experience exercises an important role. Soil mechanics, on the other hand, is a study of the behavior of a material whose most important characteristic is its particulate composition. Since this characteristic is not unique to soils, the principles and techniques of soil mechanics may find application to a variety of problems in geophysics, materials processes, and most recently, lunar Exploration. 尽管它们关系非常紧密，可土力学和地基工程并不是一回事。从艺术判断和创新的直觉来说基础