外星生命中英presentation导论.pptx

Extraterrestrial civilizations (地外文明） Extraterrestrial life Contents Extraterrestrial life is life that does not originate from Earth. It is also called alien life, or, if it is a sentient and relatively complex individual, an extraterrestrial or alien“. 外星生命指存在于地球以外的生命体。这个概念囊括了简单的细菌到具有高度智慧的外星人。研究和测试关于外星生命猜想的学科被称作地外生物学或天体生物学。 Possible basis(存在与否） Scientific search Background Cultural impact CONTENTS 1952年美国新泽西州所拍摄的UFO 人类普遍对外星人的刻板印象 Back ground Possible basis Alien life, such as microorganisms（微生物）, has been hypothesized to exist in the Solar System and throughout the universe. This hypothesis relies on the vast size（广博的面积）and consistent physical laws（一致的物理定律）of the observable universe. According to this argument, made by scientists such as Carl Sagan (卡尔·萨根:太空科学家) and Stephen Hawking (史蒂芬·霍金), it would be improbable for life not to exist somewhere other than Earth. This argument is embodied in the Copernican principle, which states that Earth does not occupy a unique position in the Universe, and the mediocrity principle, which suggests that there is nothing special about life on Earth. Possible basis Possible basis Possible basis All life on Earth is based upon 26 chemical elements. However, about 95% of this life is built upon only six of these elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur, abbreviated CHNOPS（碳、氢、氧、磷及硫）. These six elements form the basic building blocks of virtually all life on Earth, whereas most of the remaining elements are found only in trace amounts（微量）. Possible basis Possible basis 认为地球之外存在生命有着很简单的事实的支持：仅仅在银河系中就有2000亿至4000亿颗恒星，而银河系只是宇宙中超过1000亿星系中的一员。据估计至少有十分之一的类似太阳的恒星具有行星系统。 Possible basis 科学家在搜索外星生命时，多以液态水和有机物的存在作为外星生命存在之前提条件。水为地球生命体内各种化学反应提供了场所。 有人批评这样以地球生物为蓝本的先入为主的观点阻碍了外星生命的探索。卡尔·萨根在1973年提出碳沙文主义，认为这些以人类为中心的思想限制了我们对于地外生命可能性的想像。例如在宜居带之外，有可能通过地热等方式维持地底的生物圈；也有生物能够在高砷低磷的环境下存活，这说明生物组成“必备”的六大基本元素：碳、氢、氧、氮、磷、硫，可能不是必需的。 Life on Earth requires water as its solvent in which biochemical reactions take place. Sufficient quanti