2.球体与数学和物理的关系P1-P5-ENGLISH.doc

=2============================================================== 许多运动都使用圆形球体，如网球、曲棍球、斯诺克、足球等。尽管自然界十分擅长制造球体，但对人类来说，球体的制作却颇为诡异。这是因为，在大多数情况下，制造球体的方式都是先在平面材料上裁剪出球形，然后通过制模，或通过缝制的方式来完成工序。而在某些运动中，球体制作过程中的困难反而成为一种能够加以利用的优势。例如，一只板球是由4块皮质模件缝制而成的，并非真正的球形。正因为此，投手反而可以利用接缝处的不规则表面，创造出不可预测的反弹轨迹。 Round spheres are used in many sports such as tennis, hockey, snooker and football. Nature is very good at making spheres, the manufacturing of spheres, however, has remained relatively strange to the human beings. This is due to its working procedures. In most cases, a sphere is made by moulding or sewing after its shape is cut out of plane material. In some sports, difficulties encountered during the manufacturing of spheres even become a kind of advantage that can be utilized. For example, a cricket ball manufactured by sewing up 4 pieces of leather modules is not a real sphere. It is because of this that a pitcher can utilize the irregular surfaces at the joints to create unpredictable rebound trajectories. 板球 A Cricket Ball 与此相反，乒乓球选手则要求球体必须是完美的。乒乓球是由两个赛璐珞制的半球拼接而成的，其制造方法一直不太成熟，所以每一批产品中都会有95%以上的废品。乒乓球制造人员乐此不疲地从各种畸形球体中挑出完美球形，他们利用一个发射枪向空中射出乒乓球，形状不均匀的球会发生偏移，只有那些完美球体才能笔直地飞向前方，人们在射程的另一端把这些球收集起来。 On the contrary, a table tennis player requires a perfect sphere. A ball used in table tennis is jointed by two semispheres made of celluloid. Because the manufacturing method has not been well proven, more than 95% of the balls in every batch are rejected. The ball makers always enjoy selecting perfect spheres from various deformed ones. A launch gun is used to send balls into the air. Those balls with irregular shapes will be deflected. Only those perfect spheres can fly straight ahead. These balls are collected at the other end of their travel range. 一些早期的足球设计图 Design Drawing of Some Early Footballs 那么，我们如何才能制造出完美的球体呢？在2006年德国世界杯筹备期间，制造商就宣称他们做出了世界上最圆的足球。足球通常是用几片平面皮革缝制而成的，人类所制造的许多足球都是将自古以来探索出的各种形状进行拼贴组合而成。要了解如何制造出最匀称的足球，我们可以先来看那些使用单一对称形状的皮革制造出来的“球”，这些对称形状的皮革经过特别排列后，要使最终成形的球体形状是匀称的。为使足球尽可能地匀称，每个顶点