托福og第四版df文本【附带og3】.docxVIP

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智课网TOEFL备考资料 托福OG第四版PDF文本【附带OG3】 摘要: 重磅分享,OG3+OG4PDF文本格式下载,一直在寻找却从未找到的同学,在哪里? 就在这里,扫码就能拿到你一直梦寐以求的OG4啦! 解释:Official Guide的缩写,“官方指南”。比如在 托福 ( TOEFL )考试中,OG即是指ETS考试中心官方给出的应试指南。在 SAT 考试中,OG即是指collegeboard给出的官方应试指南,所以了解了以上信息,不言而喻,OG非常重要, 托福备考 必选的经典资料。 托福阅读 OG第四版PDF文本:部分内容 Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets. Of all the birds on these cliffs, the black-legged kittiwake gull is the best suited for nesting on narrow ledges. Although its nesting habits are similar to those of gulls that nest on flat ground, there are a number of important differences related to the cliff-nesting habit. The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs. This immunity has been followed by a relaxation of the defenses, and kittiwakes do not react to predators nearly as fiercely as do ground-nesting gulls. A colony of Bonapartes gulls responds to the appearance of a predatory herring gull by flying up as a group with a clamor of alarm calls, followed by concerted mobbing, but kittiwakes dimply ignore herring gulls, since they pose little threat to nests on cliffs. Neither do kittiwakes attempt to conceal their nest. Most gulls keep the nest area clear of droppings, and remove empty eggshells after the chicks have hatched, so that the location of the nest is not given away. Kittiwakes defeacate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous. On the other hand, nesting on a narrow ledge has its own peculiar problems, and kittiwake behavior has become adapted to o

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