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22-PennStateMechanicalEngineering

26. Irradiation Induced Mechanical Property Changes: Hardening and Embrittlement 26.1 Introduction 2 26.2. Changes in the Stress-strain curve after irradiation 2 26.3 Hardening by Irradiation induced Obstacles 7 26.3.1. Microstructure evolution and defect density 8 26.3.2. Source hardening and friction hardening 8 26.3.3. Hardening by depleted zones 8 26.3.4. Precipitate hardening 8 26.4. Deformation localization and loss of ductility 8 26.4.1. Dislocation channeling 8 26.4.2. Flow softening 8 26.4.3. Loss of strain hardening 8 26.5. Reduction of fracture toughness 8 26.5.1. Change of plastic zone size 8 26.6 Impact testing 8 26.6.1. Pressurized thermal shock 8 26.6.2. Charpy and NDT 8 26.6.3. Monitoring pressure vessel embrittlement 8 26.7. Helium embrittlement 8 Table of contents page Chapter heading on p. 0: Bold - 16 font -centered dots from end of entry until page number on right dash (-) then title in font-12 italics Problems, then References 26.1 Introduction Because core materials perform structural functions and provide containment for fission products, it is crucial to understand their response to mechanical loads or to deformation, i.e. their mechanical behavior. In particular it is important to determine the material’s mechanical behavior after the material has been exposed to irradiation and its microstructure and mechanical properties have been altered as a consequence. The mechanical behavior of unirradiated materials was reviewed in Chapter 11. Exposure to the reactor environment alters material properties such that mechanical behavior is modified. For the materials of concern – zirconium alloy fuel cladding, reactor internals and the pressure vessel – all of which are metallic, most material property changes can be understood in terms of a stress-strain curve such as shown in Figure 11.1. Irradiation causes hardening, reflected in an increase of the yield stress, embrittlement, reflected in a reduction of the uniform strain or the fra

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