Indirect Speech Acts.pptVIP

Indirect Speech Acts Mar. 31st 2012 1.Classification of speech acts a direct speech act an indirect speech act the structure forms the communicative function declarative → statement interrogative → question imperative → command/request eg. Can you pass the salt? Whenever there is a direct relationship between a structure and a function,we have a direct speech act. Whenever there is an indirect relationship between a structure and a function,we have an indirect speech act. 2. Indirect Speech Acts Terms 字面语力（literal force）：句子本身表达的言语行为。 实事语力（illocutionary force）：在字面语力的基础上推导出来的语力，即间接语力。 This kind of speech acts, in which one illocutionary act is porformed indirectly by way of performing another (Searle1995b:60),Searle calls indirect speech acts. 通过另一种施事行为（次要施事行为secondary illocutionary act）的方式来间接地实施某一种施事行为（首要施事行为primary illocutionary act）。 eg.Can you pass the salt? S: 询问（interrogative）: P:请求（request）： 3. Classification The conventional indirect speech act this kind of utterance is in fact the same as the meanings of literal utterances. 字面语力→句子的句法形式→施事语力 The non-conventional indirect speech acts which depend more on the context in which the utterance occurs and depends on the mutually shared background information. 语境+说话双方共知语言信息 4. The conventional indirect speech act 六种间接指令（indirect directives） 1、涉及听话人实施A的能力的句子。 Can you pass the salt? 2、涉及说话人希望听话人实施A的句子。 I would like you to pass the salt. 3、涉及听话人实施A的句子。 Will you pass the salt? 4、涉及听话人实施A的意愿的句子。 Would you be willing to pass the salt? 5、涉及实施A理由的 句子。 It might help if you pass the salt. 6、把上述形式中的一种嵌入到另一种中去，以及在上述的一种形式中嵌入一种显性指令性施事动词的句子。 I hope you(2) wont mind (4)if I ask you (IV)if you could(1) pass the salt. 5. The non-conventional indirect speech acts 语境+说话双方共知语言信息 字面语力→施事语力 ？ 合适条件（felicity conditions）1969 依据： 1,、共同具有的背景信息（语言非语言） 2、 听话人的理解和判断能力 3、言语行为能力 4、会话合作的一般原