Chapter1MaterialsforEngineering1章材料工程.pptVIP

Chapter 1. Materials for Engineering The Materials World Materials Science and Engineering Types of Materials Metals Ceramics (and Glasses) Polymers Composites Semiconductors From Structure to Properties Processing Materials Selecting Materials The Materials World History Stone Age: 2.5 million years ago Pottery Age: 4000 B.C.E Copper Age: 4000 B.C.E – 3000 B.C.E. Bronze Age: 2000 B.C.E – 1000 B.C.E. Foundation of metallurgy- Alloys of copper and tin Iron Age: 1000 B.C.E – 1B.C.E. Plastics Age: late 20th Century to current time Semiconductor Age: late 20th Century to current time Types of Materials Materials Metals Ceramics and Glasses Semiconductors Polymers Composites Periodic Table Invented by Dmitri Medeleyev in the late 1800’s Many of the elements in the table were not discovered until long after the table was invented All elements are in their most basic form and cannot be simplified Table lists the atomic number and atomic mass The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus or the center of the atom The atomic mass is the sum of the masses of the protons and neutrons. Electrons weigh about 1/2000 as a proton. Carbon (C) has atomic number 6 because there are 6 protons in the nucleus. Periodic Chart Organization Elements are divided into two groups- metals and nonmetals Of the 120 known elements (including synthesize), approximately 81 are metals. 92 occur naturally in the earth. Metals have the following characteristics to varying degrees High electrical conductivity and High thermal conductivity Luster- ability to reflext light. Ductility, maleability Loose electrons (low ionization energy) readily when they react with nonmetals Metallic character should decrease as we move across the Periodic Table and increase as we move down. Nonmetals tend to be insulators (solid, liquid, or gas) Gain electrons in chemical reactions Noble gases are inert Metalloids are semiconductors Periodic Table Periodic Table Groups I: Group 1 is also called the a