CMOSVLSI设计课件.pptVIP

1: Circuits Layout Lecture 1: Circuits Layout Outline A Brief History CMOS Gate Design Pass Transistors CMOS Latches Flip-Flops Standard Cell Layouts Stick Diagrams A Brief History 1958: First integrated circuit Flip-flop using two transistors Built by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments 2010 Intel Core i7 mprocessor 2.3 billion transistors 64 Gb Flash memory 16 billion transistors Growth Rate 53% compound annual growth rate over 50 years No other technology has grown so fast so long Driven by miniaturization of transistors Smaller is cheaper, faster, lower in power! Revolutionary effects on society Annual Sales 1019 transistors manufactured in 2008 1 billion for every human on the planet Invention of the Transistor Vacuum tubes ruled in first half of 20th century Large, expensive, power-hungry, unreliable 1947: first point contact transistor John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs See Crystal Fire by Riordan, Hoddeson Transistor Types Bipolar transistors npn or pnp silicon structure Small current into very thin base layer controls large currents between emitter and collector Base currents limit integration density Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors nMOS and pMOS MOSFETS Voltage applied to insulated gate controls current between source and drain Low power allows very high integration MOS Integrated Circuits 1970’s processes usually had only nMOS transistors Inexpensive, but consume power while idle 1980s-present: CMOS processes for low idle power Moore’s Law: Then 1965: Gordon Moore plotted transistor on each chip Fit straight line on semilog scale Transistor counts have doubled every 26 months And Now… Feature Size Minimum feature size shrinking 30% every 2-3 years Corollaries Many other factors grow exponentially Ex: clock frequency, processor performance CMOS Gate Design Activity: Sketch a 4-input CMOS NOR gate Complementary CMOS Complementary CMOS logic gates nMOS pull-down network pMOS pull-up network a.k.a. static CMOS Serie