医学英语文献阅读方法.docVIP

Tetanus A man who was struck from behind by a sharp dart a little below the neck had a wound which did not look serious because it did not go deep. But sometime later when the point had been extracted the patient was seized with backward-bending convulsions like those of opisthotonus. His jaws were locked, and any liquid that he attempted to swallow was returned through his nostrils. He died on the second day. As of 2010 it caused about 61,000 deaths down from 272,000 in 1990.?Tetanus – in particular, the?neonatal?form – remains a significant public health problem in non-industrialized countries with 59,000 newborns worldwide dying in 2008 as a result of neonatal tetanus.[19]?In the United States, from 2000 through 2007 an average of 31 cases were reported per year.[3]?Nearly all of the cases in the United States occur in unimmunized individuals or individuals who have allowed their?inoculations?to lapse. Tetanus is the only vaccine-preventable disease that is?infectious?but is not?contagious.[ Lancet(柳叶刀)380?(9859): 2095–128] Tetanus is a common disease, with the progress of medicine, death caused by it has become less and less, but it does not go away. Tetanus is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of?skeletal muscle fibers. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin?produced by the?Gram-positive,rod-shaped,obligate anaerobic bacterium?Clostridium tetanus. Infection generally occurs through wound contamination and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. As the?infection progresses, muscle?spasms?develop in the jaw (thus the name?lockjaw) and elsewhere in the body. Infection can be prevented by proper?immunization?or?post-exposure prophylaxis. Tetanus is caused by the tetanus bacterium?Clostridium tetani. Tetanus is often associated with?rust, especially rusty nails. Objects that accumulate rust are often found outdoors, or in places that harbor anaerobic bacteria, but the rust itself does not cause tetanus nor does