生化名词解释.doc

1．α－螺旋：α－螺旋为蛋白质的二级结构类型之一。在α－螺旋中，多肽链围绕中心轴作顺时针方向的螺旋上升，即所谓右手螺旋。每3.6个氨基酸残基上升一圈，氨基酸残基的侧链伸向螺旋的外侧，α－螺旋的稳定依靠上下肽之间所形成的氢键维系。 2．Glycolysis：Aanaerobic degradation is universal and ancient central pathway of glucose catabolism. In glycolysis a molecule of glucose is degraded in a series of enzymatic reactions to yield two molecules of pyruvate or lactate. The basic process of glycolysis can be divided into two phase: reactions from glucose to pyruvate and from pyruvate to lactate. 3．一碳单位：指某些氨基酸分解代谢过程中产生含有一个碳原子的基团，包括甲基、亚甲基、甲烯基、甲炔基、甲酰基和亚氨甲基等。 4．物质代谢：机体在生命活动过程中不断摄入O2及营养物质，在细胞内进行中间代谢，同时不断排出CO2及代谢废物，这种机体和环境之间不断进行的物质交换即物质代谢。 5．Expression Vector：A modified plasmid or virus that carries a gene or cDNA into a suitable host cell and there directs synthesis of the encoded protein. Some expression vectors are designed for screening DNA libraries for a gene of interest; others, for producing large amounts of a protein from its cloned gene. 6．核糖体：核糖体由rRNA与核糖体蛋白共同构成，分为大、小两个亚基。核糖体的功能是作为细胞内蛋白质的合成场所。在核糖体中，rRNA和核糖体蛋白共同为mRNA、tRNA与氨基酸的复合物、翻译起始因子、翻译延长因子等多种参与蛋白合成过程的分子提供了识别和结合部位。 7．ACAT（脂酰CoA胆固醇脂酰转移酶）：卵磷脂胆固醇脂酰转移酶，催化HDL中卵磷脂2位上的脂肪酰基转移至游离胆固醇的3位上，使位于HDL表面的胆固醇酯化后向HDL内核转移，促成HDL成熟及胆固醇逆向转运。 8．核苷酸合成的抗代谢物：指某些嘌呤、嘧啶、叶酸以及某些氨基酸类似物具有通过竞争性抑制或者以假乱真等方式干扰或阻断核苷酸的正常合成代谢，从而进一步抑制核酸、蛋白质合成以及细胞增殖的作用，即为核苷酸合成的抗代谢作用。 9．转录空泡：由RNA-pol，局部解开的DNA双链及转录产物RNA3’-端一小段依附于DNA模板链而组成的转录延长过程的复合物。 10．Gluconeogenesis：The process of transformation of non-carbohydrates to glucose or glycogen is termed as gluconeogenesis. Non-carbohydrates are some compounds, such as glucogenic amino acids, lactate, glycerol, and other organic acids. 11．2． 13． 14．’合称核心酶。转录延长阶段只需要核心酶。 15．DNA cloningRecombinant DNA technique in which specific cDNAs or fragments of genomic DNA are inserted into a cloning vector, which then is incorporated into cultured host cells (e.g., E. coli cells) and maintained during growth of the host cells; also called gene cloning. 16． 17．xidative Phosphorylation：The precess by which NADH and FADH2 are oxidized and the coupled formation of ATP