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Indicative-information abstract Transparent electrodes, indespensible in displays and solar cells, are currently dominated by indium tin oxide (ITO) films although the high price of indium, brittleness of films, and high vacuum deposition are limiting their applications. Recently,solution-processed networks of nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and silver nanowires have attracted great attention as replacements. A low junction resistance between nanostructures is important for decreasing the sheet resistance. However,the junction resistances between CNTs and boundry resistances between graphene nanostructures are too high. The aspect ratios ofsilver nanowires are limited to ～100, and silver is relatively expensive. Here, we show high-performance transparent electrodes with copper nanofiber networks by a low-cost and scalable electrospinning process. Copper nanofibers have ultrahigh aspect ratios of up to 100000 and fused crossing points with ultralow junction resistances, which result in high transmitance at low sheet resistance,e.g., 90% at 50 Ω/sq. The copper nanofiber networks also show great flexibility and stretchabilty. Organic solar cells using copper nanowire networks as transparent electrodes have a power of 3.0%, comparable to devices made with ITO electrodes. Analysis:This abstract includes the development of Present Situation , also contains the methods and conclusions of the experiment. Indicative or descriptive abstract The large consumption of materials and energy causes rapid deterioration of the environment on a global scale. The increase of aging plants, facilities and machines threatens our safety. Environment and safety are key issues which have to be considered for a sustainable society, when we think what the technology and systems of the 21st Century should be like. The guiding principles for materials development towards a sustainable society are discussed from the viewpoint of environment and safety. A：This abstr