05供给、需求与政府政策.pptVIP

经济学原理 陈志广 南京大学政府管理学院 chenzhiguang@nju.edu.cn 第五讲 供给、需求与政府政策 一、价格控制 二、税收 租金控制的意料之外效果 房产闲置，破败，还不能拆 税收+公共费用+修缮费用租金收入 房子的枷锁：搬家高成本（如押金） 挑选房客：歧视低收入者特别是有小孩、单亲妈妈等 价格控制 价格上限为$90 价格下限为$90 价格下限为$120 税收的影响 案例研究：谁支付奢侈品税 在1990年，国会通过了一项针对游艇，私人飞机，皮衣，珠宝和豪华轿车这类物品的新的奢侈品税 税收的目的；增加富人的税收 但真正支付税收的人士谁？ 案例研究：谁支付奢侈品税 游艇市场 P Q D S 税收 买者承担的税负 卖者承担的税负 PB PS 需求是富有弹性的 在短期内，供给缺乏弹性 因此，游艇工厂承担了大部分的税收 结论：政府政策与资源的配置 本章的两种政策都会影响社会资源的配置： 例 1： 对皮萨的征税降低了均衡数量。当皮萨的产量降低时，资源（工人，烤箱，奶酪）将会转移到其它行业 例 2： 一个限制性的最低工资会引起工人的超额供给，这是对资源的浪费 因此，决策者在应用这些政策时需要非常小心 * This slide outlines the chapter. * We start by analyzing the effects of a price ceiling. The most common example is rent control, so we do the analysis in the context of this example. We begin by showing the market for apartments in equilibrium (before the government imposes any price controls). * When some students see this for the first time, they wonder why the price ceiling does not result in a surplus. When the price ceiling is above the equilibrium price, the equilibrium price is still perfectly legal. Just because landlords are allowed to charge $1000 rent doesn’t mean they will – if they do, they won’t be able to rent all of their apartments – a surplus will result, causing downward pressure on the price (rent). There’s no law that prevents the price (rent) from falling, so it does fall until the surplus is gone and equilibrium is reached (at P = $800 and Q = 300). * In this case, the price ceiling is binding. In the new equilibrium with the price ceiling, the actual price (rent) of an apartment will be $500. It won’t be more than that, because any higher price is illegal. It won’t be less than $500, because the shortage would be even larger if the price were lower. The actual quantity of apartments rented equals 250, and there is a shortage equal to 150 (the difference between the quantity demanded, 400, and the quantity supplied, 250). * In this slide, the equilibrium price ($800) and price ceiling ($500) are the same as on t