第三章放射性衰变及衰变方程式.pptVIP

Chapter3 Unstable nuclei and Radioactive decay第三章 放射性衰变及衰变方程式 杨金玲 Radioactive decay is a spontaneous nuclear transformation that has been shown to be unaffected by pressure, temperature, chemical form, etc (except a few very special cases). This insensitivity to extranuclear conditions allows us to characterize radioactive nuclei by their decay period and their mode and energy of decay without regard to their physical or chemical condition. The time dependence of radioactive decay is expressed in terms of the half-life (t1/2 ), which is the time required for one-half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to undergo decay. In practice this is the time for the measured radioactive intensity (or simply, radioactivity of a sample) to decrease to one-half of its previous value Half-lives vary from millions of years to fractions of seconds. While half-lives between a minute and a year are easily determined with fairly simple laboratory techniques 10-18s, 1015y Radioactive decay involves a transition from a definite quantum state of the original nuclide to a definite quantum state of the product nuclide. The energy difference between the two quantum levels involved in the transition corresponds to the decay energy. This decay energy appears in the form of electromagnetic radiation and as the kinetic energy of the products, see Element and Nuclide Index for decay energies. 地球上存在的各种同位素中，天然存在的约500多种。其中，稳定的约200种，放射性的有300多种。加上人工合成的同位素，大约共有有3100多种，其中绝大部分是放射性同位素。 稳定同位素是指核结构不会自发的发生改变的核素；放射性同位素是不稳定核素，它们能通过自发的发射出各种射线，转变成另外一种核素。 衰变产生的子体核素可能是稳定的，也可能是放射性的。如果衰变后生成的子核是放射性的核素，它们还要继续发生衰变，直到最终变成稳定的核素为止。 放射性衰变通常由下式描述： 能量是以放出的粒子或量子的动能形式出现的。在放射性衰变时释放的能量称作Q值，它是由衰变前后处于基态的核的质量差得出。 The mode of radioactive decay is dependent upon the particular nuclide involved. The radioactive decay can be characterized by α-，β-，andγ-radiation. 原子核的诱发裂变需要外来粒子的轰击，将其能量传递给靶核。靶核吸收了外来粒子的能量，处于激发态，变成不稳定的核，通过发生裂变，变成两个中等质量的碎片。 重核的自发裂变和诱发裂变不同。自发裂变是原子核在没有外来粒子轰击的情况下，自发地发生的裂变。 ?衰变和自发