Substitution(替代).ppt

II. Substitution In I we have discussed co-reference as one kind of formal link between sentences，and in this section，we are going to discuss substitution as another kind of link across sentences．Substitution possesses noticeable anaphoric reference. Substitution is the typical cohesive device, and without it, there is no cohesion. Now here we may notice the characteristics of Substitution. Substitution is a relation between antecedent and substitute one／ones，same, do, so，not，where-by the substitutes can be understood as a place-holding element toreplacea repeated occurrence of the antecedent. As such, substitution is distinguished from reference in several ways: (1) reference is，in terms of linguistic system，a relation on the semantic level,i.e.,a relation between meanings. (2) but substitution is a relation on the lexico-grammatical level，a relation between linguistic items,i.e.,the substitute item has the same structural function as that for which it replaces． (3) As relation between meanings，reference can be anaphoric，cataphoric or exophoric, (4) whereas substitution is essentially a relation within text，So the majority of instances of substitution are anaphoric(cataphoric and exophoric instances are rare)，depending highly on the linguistic context for interpretation. I. Substitution for Noun Phrases Substitute items included in this relation vary in different works．For example，Quirk et a1. mentioned that “one／ones，same，some，none，any，few，fewer，fewest，many，more，most，little，less，least，much，several，enough，each，either，neither，all，both，half” can all act as substitutes for noun phrases. In the work by Halliday and Hasan, only “one／ones and the same” are taken as substitute items in nominal substitution．The meaning or function of one／ones is that it carries over thehead，which is a count noun of a preceding nominal group，and brings with it its own modifying or redefining elements，differentiating or repudiating either part or the whole of the original modifying elem