放射化学第3讲(放射性)-05.ppt

* C.L.Liu Internal Conversion * C.L.Liu Internal Conversion Internal conversion decay * C.L.Liu Pair Production(电子对) For nuclear transitions with energies greater than 1.02 MeV, pair production is an alternative, although uncommon, mode of decay. * C.L.Liu Less Common Decay Modes Spontaneous fission decay; Delayed neutron and proton emission; Double-b decay 2-proton decay Decay by emission of heavy particles * C.L.Liu Spontaneous fission decay 252Cf →98Sr +152Nd + 2n Neutron-induced fission reaction 235U + n →140Ba +94Kr +2n * C.L.Liu Two-Proton Decay in Ne-18 Researchers have monitored Ne-18 decay through one of the modes illustrated above. They believe they have finally detected the elusive dual-proton (He-2)decay, rather than democratic emission. The third mode, sequential proton emission, is not possible for the excited state of neon formed in a recent Oak Ridge National Laboratory experiment. Reported by: J. Gómez del Campo et al, Physics Review Letters, 1 January, 2000. * C.L.Liu Double-b decay The neutron inside the nucleus decays by emitting an anti-neutrino, which, if identical to the neutrino, can be re-absorbed by a proton of the nucleus, that becomes a neutron by emitting a positron (anti-electron). The final balance is: no neutrino, but an electron and a positron. * C.L.Liu ? Decay 若衰变前母核处于静止状态，根据动量守恒定律：0=P?+PR; ? * C.L.Liu ?衰变能与衰变常数 ?的关系 * C.L.Liu Relation between E? and ? ? emitter E?(MeV) T1/2 ?(s-1) 238U 226Ra 210Po 222Rn 214Po 212Po 4.27 4.86 5.40 5.58 7.83 8.95 4.468?109a 1.60?103a 1.384?102d 3.824d 1.64?10-4s 3.0 ?10-7s 4.9?10-18 1.4?10-11 5.8?10-8 2.1?10-6 4.2 ?103 2.3 ?106 * C.L.Liu Relation between E? and ? 20世纪初，人们对天然放射性作了大量实验工作，测量了许多原子核放出的?粒子的能量和半衰期，发现衰变能和衰变常数之间存在一定的相互依赖关系。 H.Geiger （盖革）and J.M.Nuttal （努塔尔），1911， 对17种天然?放射性核素的研究发现： 在每一种放射系中： lg?=A+86.25lgE? 对于e-e核： 对于同一元素， A、B为常数，对不同元素则不同 o-o核实验点偏离直线关系，有待进一步研究。 * C.L.Liu Relationship between T1/2 and E? E?, MeV * C.L.Liu ? 衰变的基本理论 * C.L.Liu ? 衰变的基本理论 V(r)= ? rR rR *