第8章个体行为基础.pptVIP

捷径 说明 失真 选择性 人们在所观察的信息中，根据自己的兴趣、背景、经验和态度有选择地吸收零碎信息 “快速阅读”他人可能会描绘出不准确的图像 假设相似性 人们假设他人与自己类似 也许没有考虑到个体差异性，导致不正确的归类 刻板模式 人们以对某人所在群体的感知为基础判断某人 可能会导致失真的判断，因为很多模式印象缺乏事实依据 晕轮效应 人们仅以个体的单一特质就形成了对其的总体印象 不能认识到个体的完整特征 表 8-3 通过简便方法来评判个体的失真 学习理论如何解释行为？ 学习 由于经验而产生的任何相对长久的行为改变 操作性条件反射 操作性条件反射认为行为是其结果的函数 什么是社会学习理论？ 社会学习理论 该理论认为人们可以通过观察和直接经验两种途径来学习 行为塑造 管理者通过逐步指导员工的学习来塑造员工的过程，使用强化或不强化 Y一代员工 对自我有较高的期望 他们比其他员工更快更好地完成工作目标 对雇主有较高的期望 他们希望管理者公平直率，并高度参与他们的职业发展 不断学习 他们寻找创造性的挑战，并把同事看做获得知识的巨大资源 立即承担责任 他们希望在工作的第一天就发挥重要作用 目标导向 他们希望每个小目标有紧凑的截止时间，这样可以增强工作的责任感 图8-5 Y一代员工 Although it’s concerned with the subject of behavior—that is, the actions of people— organizational behavior is the study of the actions of people at work. * The goals of OB are to explain, predict, and influence behavior. Managers need to be able to explain why employees engage in some behaviors rather than others, predict how employees will respond to various actions and decisions, and influence how employees behave. What employee behaviors are we specifically concerned with explaining, predicting, and influencing? Six important ones have been identified: employee productivity, absenteeism, turnover, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), job satisfaction, and workplace misbehavior * Organizational citizenship behavior is discretionary behavior that’s not part of an employee’s formal job requirements, but which promotes the effective functioning of the organization Job satisfaction refers to an employee’s general attitude toward his or her job. Although job satisfaction is an attitude rather than a behavior, it’s an outcome that concerns many managers * Workplace misbehavior is any intentional employee behavior that is potentially harmful to the organization or individuals within the organization. Workplace misbehavior shows up in organizations in four ways: deviance, aggression, antisocial behavior, and violence. Such behaviors can range from playing loud music just to irritate coworkers to verbal aggression to sab