Computer English Unit 3 Computer Language and Programming(计算机英语 第三单元 计算机语言及编程).docVIP

Unit 3 Computer Language and Programming第三单元： 计算机语言与编程 Section A Programming Language课文A： 编程语言 Ⅰ. Introduction一、引言 Programming languages, in computer science, are the artificial languages used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer.在计算机科学中，编程语言是用于编写可由计算机运行的一系列指令（计算机程序）的人工语言。 Similar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a vocabulary, grammar, and syntax.与英语等自然语言相类似，编程语言有词汇、语法和句法。 However, natural languages are not suited for programming computers because they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways.然而，自然语言不适合为计算机编程，因为它们会引起歧义，也就是说它们的词汇和语法结构可能被用多种方式进行解释。 The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rules for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be precise.用于计算机编程的语言必须有简单的逻辑结构，它们的语法、拼写和标点符号规则必须精确。 Programming languages vary greatly in their sophistication and in their degree of versatility.编程语言在复杂性和通用程度上差异很大。 Some programming languages are written to address a particular kind of computing problem or for use on a particular model of computer system.一些编程语言是为了处理特定类型的计算问题或为了用于特定型号的计算机系统而编写的。 For instance, programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL were written to solve certain general types of programming problems—FORTRAN for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications.例如，FORTRAN和COBOL等编程语言是为解决某些普遍的编程问题类型而编写的——FORTRAN是为了科学领域的应用，而COBOL是为了商业领域的应用。 Although these languages were designed to address specific categories of computer problems, they are highly portable, meaning that they may be used to program many types of computers.尽管这些语言旨在处理特定类型的计算机问题，但它们具有很高的可移植性，也就是说它们可以用来为多种类型的计算机编程。 Other languages, such as machine languages, are designed to be used by one specific model of computer system, or even by one specific computer in certain research applications.其他的语言，如机器语言，是为一种特定型号的计算机系统，甚至是一台特定的计算机，在某些研究领域使用而编写的。 The most commonly used programmin