操作系统作业1_1 翻译《what is an operating system》幻灯片.doc

操作系统作业1_1 翻译《what is an operating system》 1.1 WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM? Most computer users have had some experience with an operating system, but it is difficult to pin down precisely what an operating system is. Part of the problem is that operating systems perform two basically unrelated functions, extending the machine and managing resources, and depending on who is doing the talking, you hear mostly about one function or the other. Let us now look at both. 大多数计算机用户有一些作业系统的经验，但很难牵制正是一个操作系统。这个问题的部分原因是，作业系统执行两个基本无关的功能，延长机器和管理资源，以及是谁在说话，你听到的多半是一个函数或其他而定。现在让我们看看两者。 1.1.1 The Operating System as an Extended Machine As mentioned earlier, the architecture (instruction set, memory organization, I/O, and bus structure) of most computers at the machine language level is primitive and awkward to program, especially for input/output. To make this point more concrete, let us briefly look at how floppy disk I/O is done using the NEC PD765 compatible controller chips used on most Intel-based personal computers. 如前所述，该架构（指令集，内存组织，我/ O和总线结构的大多数计算机）在机器语言水平是原始和笨拙的方案，特别是输入/输出。为了使这一点更具体，让我们简单地看一看软盘磁盘I / O是使用NEC PD765进行兼容控制器在大多数基于英特尔芯片的个人电脑使用的芯片。 (Throughout this book we will use the terms “floppy disk” and “diskette” interchangeably.) The PD765 has 16 commands, each specified by loading between 1 and 9 bytes into a device register. These commands are for reading and writing data, moving the disk arm, and formatting tracks, as well as initializing, sensing, resetting, and recalibrating the controller and the drives. （在本书中我们将使用术语“软盘”和“软盘”互换。）的PD765有16个命令，由1至9载入字节每个指定到一个设备寄存器。这些命令用于读取和写入数据，移动磁盘的手臂，和格式曲目，以及初始化，传感，复位，并重新调整了控制器和驱动器。 The most basic commands are read and write, each of which requires 13 parameters, packed into 9 bytes. These parameters specify such items as the address of the disk block to be read, the number of sectors per track, the recording mode used on the physical medium, the intersector gap spacing, and what to do with a deleted-data-address-mark. If you do not