膜技术2.doc

Journal of Membrane Science 344 (2009) 39–54 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Membrane Science journal homepage: /locate/memsci Hybrid membrane bioreactor technology for small water treatment utilities: Process evaluation and primordial considerations Varadarajan Ravindran, Hsun-Hao Tsai, Mark D. Williams 1 , Massoud Pirbazari ? Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 S. Vermont Avenue, Kaprielian Hall (KAP) 260, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2531, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t  Article history: Received 22 April 2009 Received in revised form 9 July 2009 Accepted 20 July 2009 Available online 28 July 2009 Keywords: Hybrid membrane bioreactor Nitrate Alachlor Natural organic matter Membrane fouling Disinfection byproducts Microbial regrowth Trihalomethane formation potential MS-2 virus A hybrid membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology was investigated for treatment of natural waters containing natural organic matter (NOM), nitrate, alachlor and viruses. The NOM are precursors to disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes, and potential cause for microbial growth in distribution systems. Batch bioreactor studies optimized the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, tempera- ture and pH for biological denitri?cation. Mini-pilot MBR studies with ethanol as electron donor were conducted under three scenarios: no powder activated carbon (PAC) or biomass, biomass alone, and com- bination of PAC and biomass. The removals of nitrate, alachlor, total organic carbon (TOC), trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and MS-2 virus were revaluated. Nitrite and ethanol residuals were well below their detection limits in the MBR ef?uent under steady-state conditions. Using biomass alone, the removal ef?ciencies for NOM (as TOC), alachlor, and THMFP were 60, 36 and 61%, respectively; whereas, on combining PAC and biomass they increased to 84, 9