计算机操作系统-ch5.ppt

* Disk parameters for the original IBM PC floppy disk and a Western Digital WD 18300 hard disk Magnetic Disks (3) * Magnetic Disks (4) Physical geometry of a disk with two zones A possible virtual geometry for this disk * RAID (1) RAID levels 0 through 2 (Backup and parity drives are shaded) * RAID (2) RAID levels 3 through 5 (Backup and parity drives are shaded) * Disk Formatting (1) After manufacturing, there is no information on the disk Just empty bits Each platter need to have A low-level format A high-level format before disk can be used * Disk Formatting (2) Each track should have formatted in the following way: Sectors and inter-sector-gap between them A sector will be have format like the following: Preamble – data (512 bytes) – Checksum * Cylinder Skew An illustration of cylinder skew(柱面斜进) Example 10,000rpm disk drive (6ms/round) 300 sectors per track (20 μs/sector) Seek time: 800 μs Cylinder skew: 40secotrs * Interleaving (1) If we have ONE sector buffer in the disk controller: After we have transferred one sector of data from hard-disk to controller buffer: We will copy the controller buffer to the memory During this time, the disk-head will pass the start of the next sector. Therefore, the next logical sector, should not be the next physical sector in hard-disk. There should be some interleaving. * Interleaving (2) * No interleaving Single interleaving Double interleaving Interleaving (3) * Performance Measures of Disks (1) Access time – the time it takes from when a read or write request is issued to when data transfer begins. Consists of: Seek time – time it takes to reposition the arm over the correct track. Average seek time is 1/2 the worst case seek time. Would be 1/3 if all tracks had the same number of sectors, and we ignore the time to start and stop arm movement 4 to 10 milliseconds on typical disks Rotational latency – time it takes for the sector to be accessed to appear under the head. Average latency is 1/2 of t