英语各种主义集合及名词解释.doc

Abrahamism？ ? the monotheistic Abrahamic religions, considered collectively. Agnosticism 1.The view that absolute truth or ultimate certainty is unattainable, especially regarding knowledge not based on experience or perceivable phenomena. 2.The view that the existence of God or of all deities is unknown, unknowable, unproven, or unprovable. 3.Doubt, uncertainty, or scepticism regarding the existence of a god or gods. 4.(by extension) Doubt, uncertainty, or scepticism regarding any subject of dispute. Atomism 1.(philosophy) The ancient Greek theory that all matter is composed of very small indestructible and indivisible particles. 2.(philosophy) The doctrine that society arises from individuals and that larger structures are unimportant. Buddhism The religion and philosophy founded by the Nepalese teacher Gautama Buddha. Communism 1 The ideology of political parties that use the term Communist in their names, usually Marxist and Leninist. 2 The socio-economic system based on such parties ideologies. 3 (US, informal) A state of affairs perceived as oppressive, overly arbitrary, or totalitarian. Cartesianism Cartesianism is the name given to the philosophical doctrine (or school) of René Descartes. Cartesians view the mind as being wholly separate from the corporeal body. In general, Cartesian thought divides the world into three areas of existence: ? that inhabited by the physical body (matter), ? that inhabited by the mind, and ? that inhabited by God. Conservatism Conservatism as a political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of the culture and civilization. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others, called reactionaries, oppose modernism and seek a return to the way things were.” Cosmopolitanism Cosmopolitanism is the ideology that all human ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a shared morality. A person who adheres