大学英语重点gammar3.pptVIP

I. Translation Exercise: 1. 在我国，剥削阶级作为阶级已经消灭，但阶级斗争还将在一定范围内长期存在。 /2.坚持民族统一战线才能克服困难，战胜敌人，建设新中国。/ 3.加强公路建设，改善农村条件。同时，大力加强邮电通信建设。/ 4. 禁止在少数民族地区的牧区开荒。/ 5. 1985年招收研究生2万人。 1.The exploiting classes as such have been abolished in our country. However, class struggle will continue to exist within certain bounds for a long time to come./ It is only by firmly maintaining the national united front that the difficulties can be overcome, the enemy defeated and a new China built./More roads will be built so as to improve the rural transport conditions. In the meantime, efforts will be made to increase the post and telecommunications facilities./Land reclamation on the pastureland of the minority nationality areas is forbidden. /In 1985, a total of 20,000 postgraduate students is to be admitted. Write down as many reasons for the use of passive voice as possible. Lecture 11 Passive Voice 信息结构 在Essentials of English Grammar 一书中，Jesperson 对英语被动句的用法给出了五种情况：1. 施动者不知或不易指出；2.施动者根据上下文不言自明；3.由于特殊的原因（如避免提到第一人称）而不指出施动者；4.对被动句的主语比对主动句的主语的兴趣更大；5.便于句与句的连接。 信息论：The championship (given information) was won by the Saudi Arabian team./America was discovered by Columbus in 1492. 被动句的选择及语用目的 1. 选择 试比较： ⑴The dramatists of the Restoration are little esteemed today.→← Modern readers have little esteem for the dramatists of the Restoration. (王政复辟时期的喜剧家当今很少受到人们的尊敬。)(今天的读者对王政复辟时期的戏剧家的作品没有什么好批。) 两句都是对戏剧家的评论，但信息意义有差异。前者突出的是复辟时期戏剧家在当今人们心目中的地位；后者突出的则是现代读者的趣味。这就是语篇信息意义的不同。 ⑵PC shot boy from 9 inches. →← Robert’s son, five, killed in his bed. 前一标题指明了施动者“PC”，重心放在PC, 暗示PC 有不可推卸的责任；后者旨在突显和强调被害者。 2. 语用目的 2.1突出行为的施事 2.1.1新信息居后：A hunter killed the wolf. →← The wolf was killed by a school boy./ Carbolic, a powerful disinfectant, was first introduced into the hospital wards and the operating rooms by a brilliant young surgeon named Joseph Lister.如将本句改为主动句，a brilliant young surgeon named Joseph Lister就不会成为关注的焦点。 2.2尾重原则 较短的结构或成分摆在前面，较长的摆在后面，以保持句子前后轻重的平衡：Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and sy