材料科学与工程基础第三章.pptVIP

Silica — 硅石, 二氧化硅 SiO2 silicon dioxide, or silica (SiO2). the most simple silicate material is Structure:a three-dimensional network. every corner oxygen atom in each tetrahedron is shared by adjacent tetrahedra. FIGURE 3.11 The arrangement of silicon and oxygen atoms in a unit cell of cristobalite, a polymorph of SiO2 . three primary polymorphic crystalline forms: quartz, 石英 cristobalite,方石英 Tridymite,磷石英 Complicated structure, low densities high melting temperature(1710 oC) also noncrystalline or glass 方石英 have formulas, , , and so on; FIGURE 3.12 Five silicate ion structures formed from tetrahedra. cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Al3+ serve two roles. First neutrality Second bond the tetrahedra * Simple Silicates Fig. 3.12 (a), For example, forsterite (Mg2SiO4) ion is formed Fig. 3.12 (b) Akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) Layered Silicates： single-chain structures: Fig. 3.12 (e) Kaolinite clay has the formula Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 高岭石 镁橄榄石 镁黄长石 简单硅酸盐 单链结构 层状硅酸盐 * 3.9 Carbon DIAMOND FIGURE 3.16 A unit cell for the diamond cubic crystal structure. each carbon bonds to four other carbons, bonds are totally covalent. called the diamond cubic crystal structure, which is also found for other Group IVA elements e.g., germanium, silicon, and gray tin, below 13 oC 锗、硅、灰锡 金刚石立方 GRAPHITE FIGURE 3.17 The structure of graphite. more stable than diamond layers of hexagonally within the layers, each carbon atom is bonded to three coplanar neighbor atoms by strong covalent bonds. The fourth bonding electron participates in a weak van der Waals type of bond between the layers. 石墨 Diamond 金刚石 (Sp3) Graphite 石墨 (Sp2+范力) Fullerenes 富勒烯 C60 (Sp2) Carbon-Onion 洋葱碳 (Sp2 +范力) Bucky- Diamond B-金刚石 (Sp3+Sp2) Carbon- Nanotube 碳纳米管 (Sp2) Carbon Family at the Nanoscale * 3.10 Polymorphism And Allotropy Polymorphism: The ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure. Allotropy: The possibility