经济思想史(四.pptVIP

1789年法国大革命。法国大革命前的手工业经济（handicraft economy）是法国经济的主体。英国是工业革命的发源地。英国从18世纪60年代开始，到19世纪40年代基本完成。 顺应了历史或时代的要求。 魁奈《经济表》（economic table）是现代经济学教材中两个概念的先驱。收益递减规律通常被归功于马尔萨斯和李嘉图。 对生产方式与组织形式的认识。 国民收入分析的思想源泉，为分析一个经济体的统计工作奠定基础。 马克思所说的“杜尔阁试图预先采取法国革命的措施”。这些法令国王同意了，枢密院通过了，但议会不予备案。国王迫使议会服从。但这些侵犯特权阶级权益的措施引起了宫廷和贵族的强烈反对。1777年5月其被免职，法令也随之被取消。 其经历证明旧的政权不可能自行改革。 工人之间的竞争；一旦工资高于这一水平，则会出现人口增长和劳动力供给的增长，从而造成工资下降到维持生存的水平；反之，如果工资低于维持生存的水平，则会造成人口减少和劳动力供给的下降，从而使工资上升到维持生存的水平。 第四章 重农主义(Physiocracy) 出现于重商主义时代(mercantilist epoch)结束时期的法国； 魁奈于1756年《百科全书》(Grande Encyclopedie)中第一篇经济学论文的发表； 杜尔阁失去法国政府高官职位，1776年亚当·斯密《对国民财富的性质和原因的研究》（《国富论》(Wealth of Nations)） 1.重农学派产生的历史背景 反对重商主义和法国旧政权封建特性； 政府对于生产的严格管控，生产方式(production methods)的试验与创新、消费者品味(consumer tastes)的变化等； 法国地方政府抑制工业的发展； 农民负担较重（？） 法国政府和市镇行政部门对谷物贸易(grain trade)的严格管制； 中世纪兴起商业和手工业行会(merchant and craft guilds)。 The detailed government regulation of production, even specifying the required threads per inch of cloth, may once have promoted high quality, but it certainly imprisoned production in a straightjacket that did not allow for experimentation, improvement of production methods, or changing consumer tastes. French industry was retarded in its development by the local authorities who imposed internal tolls, taxes, and tariffs, thereby impeding the movement of goods. French agriculture was burdened by the conditions enforced by the landowning nobility. Peasants were subjected to taxes on land and on the profits of farming, but the nobility and the clergy were exempt from such taxes. Taxes varied from year to year, depending on the whim of the tax collector and the wealth of the peasants. In fact, franchises were sold to “tax farmers,” allowing them to collect for themselves as much in taxes as they could squeeze from the inhabitants of a given area. For centuries the French government and the authorities in the towns had subjected the grain trade to a bewildering maze of regulations. The export of grain from France was prohibited; the authorities were