词法分析部分总结.pptVIP

词法分析部分总结 田 聪 构造词法分析器的一般方法和步骤 描述：用正规式对模式进行描述； 构造NFA：为每个正规式构造一个NFA； 确定化：将NFA转换成等价的DFA； 最小化：优化DFA，使其状态数最少； 构造词法分析器：由DFA构造词法分析器（表驱动，直接编码，LEX）。 涉及到的形式化概念 正则表达式（正规式） NFA DFA 正则语言 正则语言 正则语言 正则表达式 有限状态自动机 上下文无关语言 上下文无关文法 非确定的下推自动机 上下文有关语言 上下文有关文法 线性有界自动机（特殊的图灵机） 递归可枚举语言 短语结构 图灵机 Algebraic Laws for RE’s Union and concatenation behave like addition and multiplication. + is commutative (可交换的) and associative (可结合的) a+b=b+a, a+b+c= a+(b+c) concatenation is associative (可结合的) a.b.c=a.(b.c) Concatenation distributes over +(可分配的) a.(b+c)=a.b+a.c Exception: Concatenation is not commutative (可交换的) a.b ≠b.a Identities and Annihilators ? is the identity (单位元) for +. R + ? = R. ε is the identity (单位元) for concatenation. εR = Rε = R. ? is the annihilator (零元) for concatenation. ?R = R? = ?. 正则语言相关内容 如何证明正则表达式和NFA的等价性？ （1）We need to show that for every RE, there is an automaton that accepts the same language. （2）And for every automaton, there is a RE defining its language. RE to ε-NFA: Basis Symbol a: ε: RE to ε-NFA: Induction 1 – Union RE to ε-NFA: Induction 2 – Concatenation RE to ε-NFA: Induction 3 – Closure 正则语言相关内容 如何证明正则表达式和NFA的等价性？ （1）We need to show that for every RE, there is an automaton that accepts the same language. （2）And for every automaton, there is a RE defining its language. From Automata to RE Arden’s rule For any sets of strings S and T, the equation X=SX+T has X=S*T as a solution. Moreover, this solution is unique if ε not in S. From Automata to RE Given an automaton A A has states {q0, …, qn} with q0 being the start state Let Xi denote the set of strings accepted by A starting in state qi Thus, L(A)=X0 We can write an equation for each Xi, defining it in terms of the sets corresponding to its successor states. From Automata to RE From Automata to RE DFA-to-RE Another approach Page 93, theorem 3.4. （形式语言与自动机） Induction on k-path. Decision Properties of Regular Languages Properties of Language Classes A language class is a set of languages. We have on