写作基础知识2.docVIP

第二节 句子成分 一、句子成分的分类 1.Subject (主语) The sun rises in the east. 主语是句子的主要成分。除了命令式的祈使句之外，句子中一般不可以没有主语。 名词作主语: Mr. Black has gone out. 代词作主语: Many of them haven’t brought bags. 动名词作主语: Laughing is helpful to health. 动词不定式词组作主语: To look after her is my duty. 从句作主语: What he said is not true. 2.Predicate.（谓语） We study English. 谓语也是句子的主要成分，必需由动词来表达。除了只有主语的主格句之外，句子中一般不可以没有谓语。作谓语的动词有两大类型:行为动词和连系动词。 行为动词表示主体的动作行为，有及物动词（vt.）和不及物动词(vi.)之分。vt.+宾语；vi.+介+宾语。有些动词既可以作vt又可以作vi.。连系动词包括be动词，感官动词和表变化的动词，后接表语。 及物动词作谓语: He can make it very well. 不及物动词作谓语: She arrived in Beijing last week. 连系动词作谓语： a.be动词： b.感官动词: She looks very young. The music sounds wonderful. It smells terrible. The dish tastes delicious. The cup feels cold. c.表变化的动词: He has become a doctor. It was getting dark. The leaves turned yellow. Jane has grown taller. Keep healthy. The girl seems much better. Everybody appears well prepared. 3. Object（宾语） We love China. 动词和介词后用宾语。名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式和从句都可以作为宾语。 名词作宾语： Did you enjoy the party yesterday? 代词作宾语： He went over and picked it up. 动名词作宾语： Do you like fishing? 动词不定式作宾语： I want to dance. 从句作宾语： He asked if you would go there. 4. Predictive（表语） We are Chinese.表语一般是由名词、代词、数词、形容词、动名词或动词不定式词组来表达。 名词作表语： Jim is an engineer. 代词作表语: It’s mine. 数词作表语: The number of the classes is twenty. 形容词作表语: It’s swift and convenient. 动名词作表语: His hobby is playing tennis. 动词不定式词组作表语: My job is to keep the blackboard clean.5.Attributive/Attribute（定语） This is a difficult problem.定语是句子的次要成分在句子中起到补充说明主语和宾语的作用。一般用在主语和宾语前，是主语和宾语的修饰格式是：(定语）、主语、谓语、（定语）、宾语。 代词作定语: My father loves little dogs. 形容词作定语: He is a naught boy. 现在分词作定语: The annoying words made me an