大学英语语言学教案 第二章.pptVIP

English Lexicology Chapter 2 Basic concepts of words 2.1 What is a word? 2.2 Sound and meaning 2.3 Classification of words 2.4 Features of words 2.5 exercises 2.1 What is a word? “a free form which consists entirely of two or more lesser free forms, as for instance, poor John or John ran away or yes, sir, is a phrase. A free from which is not a phrase, is a word. A word, then, is a free from which does not consist entirely of (two or more) lesser free forms; in brief, a word is a minimum free from ( Bloomfield, 1933, pp. 177-178, as cited in Zhang, 2005, p.1) . --- emphasizes syntax and does not touch upon meaning, which is a crucial aspect of any “word”. 2.1 What is a word? Word is the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing (Richards, Platt, Platt, 2000, pp.509-510). From the lexicological point of view, a word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical). In addition, a word acts as a structural unit of a sentence. 词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一的整体。词又是语句的基本结构单位。 A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. Nature and properties of word Nature: minimal free form of a language Properties: (1)sound; (2)meaning; (3)syntactic function E.g. man, fire, “Help!” E.g. misfortune, management E.g. blackmail, babysit, doorman 2.2.? Sound and meaning （语音与意义） Two points of view about the relation between sound and meaning of a word: The Naturalists (自然派) maintain that there is a natural connection between sound and meaning. The Conventionalists (习惯派) hold that the relations between sound and meaning are conventional and arbitrary Words that convey the same meaning have different phonological forms in different languages: 我们(Chinese)，we (English), nous (French) The same phonological forms may convey different meanings: sight, site, cite; 忙，盲，氓，茫，芒 2.3.Classification of Words by use frequency :