18-杂化轨道理论(国外英语资料).doc

18-杂化轨道理论(国外英语资料) hybrid orbital theory The valence bond theory succinctly illustrates the formation and nature of covalent bonds, and successfully explains the directionality and saturation of covalent bonds, but has difficulty in explaining the spatial structure of some molecules. For example, the formation of CH4 molecules, according to the valence bond theory, the C atom has only two unpaired electrons, forming only two covalent bonds with two H atoms, and the bond angle should be about 90 degrees. But with the experimental facts, because C and H can form CH4 molecules, the spatial configuration of the tetrahedron, angle HCH = 109.5 deg. In order to better explain the actual spatial configuration and properties of polyatomic molecules, proposed theory (hybrid orbital) in 1931, which enriched and developed modern valence bond theory. In 1953, Chinese chemist Tang Aoqing and others unified the s-p-d-f orbital hybridization, and proposed a general method of hybridization orbital, which enriched the content of hybrid theory. 1. basic points of hybrid orbital theory Hybrid orbital theory from electrons with volatility, wave superposition of point of view, think of an atom and other atoms to form molecules, the central atom orbits (i.e. wave function) instead of pure s or P rail track, but a number of different types of energy, similar atomic orbitals by the superposition of mixed and re distribution of orbital energy and adjusting space extension direction, consisting of an equal number of energy the same new atomic orbital - hybrid orbital (hybrid orbital), in order to meet the needs of chemical combination. This process is known as hybridization of atomic orbitals (hybridization). Heres an example of the formation of CH4 molecules. The outer electron configuration of the ground state C atom is 2s22px12py1. In conjunction with the H atom, one of the electrons on the 2S is excited to the 2pz orbital, and the C atom participates in the chemical combination with excit