囚徒困境与科斯定理的条件(国外英语资料).doc

囚徒困境与科斯定理的条件(国外英语资料)The basic view of economics is that a trade fair will benefit both parties. However, the establishment of this view is conditional,In incomplete information, transactions may not only achieve results that benefit both sides, but may even be possible under certain conditionsDamage to both sides of the transaction.The classic paradox of prisoners dilemma is as follows: two suspects were arrested by the police. The lack of sufficient evidence against them, soFor a separately held suspect, the following transaction is made: if one side acknowledges the crime and the other refuses to plead guilty, then he pleads guiltyOne person will be released immediately, while the other will be sentenced to 15 years in prison; if both sides plead not guilty, each person will be sentenced for lack of evidencePrison 1 years; if both sides plead guilty, two people will be sentenced to imprisonment for 8 years. This problem can be represented by the following matricesPrisoner 1\ prisoner 2 pleaded not guiltyConfession (-8, -8) (0, -15)Non guilty plea (-15, 0) (-1, -1)The numbers in the matrix represent the gains of the two prisoners. Suppose the two prisoners are selfish people, and they all want to do soReduce your sentence. Because no matter how the other prisoner chooses, confession is a prisoners dominant strategy. Therefore,The result would be that they both chose to plead guilty and sentenced to 8 years imprisonment. But this result is clearly not the best result for both sides, such asBoth sides chose to refuse to plead guilty, and their sentences were much lower. But the problem is that its hard for both sides to trust each other, the choice and the rightParty cooperation takes great risk.The challenge of the prisoners dilemma paradox to economics is whether each individuals selfish behavior can lead to the whole societyEffective results? If the answer to the above question is negative, then the competitive market economy may not be efficient.Prisoner dilemma,