建筑工程专业英语unit3.ppt

Lesson 3 Building material Material for building must have certain physical properties to be structurally useful. Primarily, they must be to carry a load, or weight, without changing shape permanently. When a load is applied to a structure member, it will deform；that is, a wire will stretch or a beam will bend．However, when the load is removed, the wire and the beam come back to the original positions． This material property is called elasticity. If a material were not elastic and a deformation were present in the structure after removal of the load, repeated loading and unloading eventually would increase the deformation to the point where the structure would become useless． A second important property of a building material is its stiffness．This property is defined by the elastic modulus (E) , which is the ratio of the stress（force per unit area σ ）, to the strain（deformation per unit length ε）E=σ/ε．The elastic modulus, therefore, is a measure of the resistance of a material to deformation under load． For two materials of equal area under the same load, the one with the higher elastic modulus has the smaller deformation．Structural steel, is 3 times as stiff as aluminum, 10 times as stiff as concrete, and 15 times as stiff as wood. Masonry consists of natural materials, such as stone or manufactured products, such as brick and concrete blocks. Masonry has been used since ancient times；mud bricks were used in the city of Babylon for secular buildings, and stone was used for the great temples of the Nile Valley. The Great Pyramid in Egypt, standing 481 feet（147 meters）high, is the most spectacular masonry construction. Masonry units originally were stacked without using any bonding agent, but all modern masonry construction uses a cement mortar as a bonding material. Modern structural materials include stone, bricks of burnt clay or slate, and concrete blocks.