文体学 Reference and Substitution.ppt

II OBJECTIVES: 1. Reference   2. Substitution  I TOPIC: Chapter Five: Text Structure——Cohesion ? 1. Introduction 1.1 Text Texts are made up of sentences, just as houses are made up of bricks, posts, beams, and so on. But that is clearly not the whole story in either case. You don’t build a house simply by bringing brick, beams, etc. together; you have to fasten or bond them together in a variety of ways. The same applies to texts: sentences must be bound together and cross-linked. A text is an integrated structure, and it needs various kinds of fastening devices to hold its parts together. ? Cohesion is of course, a process, because discourse itself is a process. Text is something that happens, in the form of talking or writing, listening or reading. When we analyze it, we analyze the product of this process; and the term “text” is usually taken as referring to the product—especially the product in its written form. The organization of text is semantic rather than formal. We shall represent cohesive relations simply by additions to the structural notation. But it is important to be able to think of text dynamically, as an ongoing process of meaning; and of textual cohesion as an aspect of this process, whereby the flow of meaning is channelled into a tractable current of discourse instead of spilling out formlessly in every possible direction. ? 1.2 Cohesion The rhetoric of text controls the way in which the message is segmented into units. Segmentation, however, implies its opposite—COHESION. The units must be implicitly or explicitly bound together; they must not be just a random collection of sentences. The connectivity of the elements of a text is essentially a matter of meaning and reference, but we are interested, here, in the formal means by which these connections are signalled. e.g. The princess loved the hunter. But she could not marry him. ?