语言学8.pragmatics.ppt

1.3 Context Definition: the relevant constraints of the communicative situation that influence language use. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Components of shared knowledge: language knowledge, co-text knowledge, situational knowledge and world knowledge 何兆熊：新编语用学概要 The role of context in conversation To specify the utterance meaning The role of context in conversation To make sense out of nonsense Constatives or performatives? I want / wish you to close the door. Would you close the door? Why not close the door? Can you close the door? Did you forget the door? How about the door? I’m feeling a little cold. I’m taking a bath. What am I saying next? 2.3 Classification of Speech Act John Searle (1932- ) Criteria for classification Illocutionary point Direction of fit Expressed psychological state Searle, A Taxonomy of Illocutionary  Acts (1975) Assertives: ├↓B (p) Directives: ! ↑W(H does A) Commissives: C ↑I (S does A) Expressives: EΦ(P)(S/H + property) Declarations: D ? Φ (p) Assetive declarations: D ↓? Φ (p) 3. Conversational Implicature 3.1 Entailment, presupposition and implicature John bought three apples. John bought some fruit. There is an man called John. I have three daughters. I have only three daughters. The four cases where CP is violated Nothing to tell Telling a lie Conflicting between maxims Flouting of a certain maxim The last case usually leads to the emergence of conversational implicature. 4. Post-Gricean Development How many principles after all? Sperber Wilson: Theory of Relevance Horn: Q- and R-principles Levinson: Q-, I-, and M- principles From particularized implicature to generalized implicature 4.1 Generalized implicature I have three daughters. He had an appointment with a woman yesterday. He went into a house. He broke a finger. He broke a hea