语言学Unit_3 The Minor Process of Word-Formation.ppt

Back-formation（逆生法） e.g. schwindler (德语词） swindler → swindle escalate. V. (p84) ★P85 typewrite from typewriter edit from editor ★ P86 to babysit (from babysitter); to window-shop (from window-shopping). 2.1 Types of back-formation (1) Verbs backformed from nouns ending in -er, -or, -ar: sculptor--- to sculpt beggar--- to beg (2) Verbs backformed from nouns ending in -tion, -sion: automation--- to automate destruction--- to destruct 2.1 Types of back-formation (3) Verbs backformed from abstract nouns: diagnosis--- to diagnose enthusiasm--- to enthuse (4) Verbs backformed from compound nouns: baby sitter---to baby-sit vacuum cleaner --- vacuum clean 2.1 Types of back-formation (5) Verbs backformed from adjectives: drowsy---to drowse lazy--- to laze They lazed away the summer . 2.1 Types of back-formation (6) Nouns backformed from adjectives: gloomy--- gloom greedy--- greed (7) Adjectives backformed from noun/adverb/adjective: difficulty--- difficult utterly--- utter (8) Frederick Banting →Banting → bant Deep Freezer → deep-freeze Task: Study the examples on p.85-86 3. Onomatopoeia （拟声法） Tinkle Tick Giggle Murmur bubble 3. Onomatopoeia （拟声法） Onomatopoeia is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by the imitation of sound made by human being, animals or objects. The result of Onomatopoeia is called onomatopoetic word/imitative word/echo word. Characteristics of onomatopoeia (1). to imitate sound (2) to be used to express the action which sound comes from Examples Sound from human Sound from animal Sound from object Giggle Growl Splash Murmur Bark Clink whimper Quack Tick Hiss meow bang Reduplication（P92 拟声词中表示反复、持续、交替的动作） Reduplication is a minor type of word formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of one or two words with a change