郑州大学研究生课程专业英语unit-2.doc

Unit 2 Civil Engineering Fundamentally, engineering is an end-product-oriented discipline that is innovative, cost-conscious, and mindful of human factors. It is concerned with the creation of new entities, devices or methods of solution: a new process, a new material, an improved power source, a more efficient arrangement of tasks to accomplish a desired goal or a new structure. Engineering is also more often than not concerned with obtaining economical solutions. And, finally, human safety is always a key consideration. 从根本上，工程是一个以最终产品为导向的行业工程是一个以最终产品为导向的行业，它具有创新、成本意识，同时也注意到人为因素。它与创建新的实体、 设备或解决方案有关：新工艺、新材料、一个改进的动力来源、任务的一项更有效地安排，用以完成所需的目标或创建一个新的结构。工程是也不仅仅关心获得经济的解决方案。最终，人类安全才是一个最重要的考虑因素。 Engineering is concerned with the use of abstract scientific ways of thinking and of defining real world problems. The use of idealizations and the development of procedures for establishing bounds within which behavior can be ascertained are parts of that process. 工程关心的是，使用抽象的科学方法思考和定义现实世界的问题。理想化的使用和发展建立可以确定行为的边界的程序，是过程的一部分。 Emphasizing one of the concepts alluded to above, engineering is most often concerned with the development of permissible alternatives--not necessarily the identification of a unique solution. True, economics, aesthetics, or other considerations may eventually dictate a particular, singular choice from among several or even many possibilities, but those acceptable ones will have been established prior to that final stage, using normal engineering methods. 强调上面提到的概念之一，工程最关心的是允许替代品的发展——不一定是识别一个独特的解决方案。实际上, Civil engineering is one of the most diverse branches of engineering, The civil engineer plans, designs, constructs, and maintains a large variety of structures and facilities for public, commercial, and industrial use. These structures include residential, office, and factory buildings; highways, railroads, airports, tunnels, bridges, harbors, channels, and pipelines. They also include many other facilities that are a part of the transportation systems