earlysoc_in_americas_and_oceania 亚美尼亚和大西洋尼亚.pptVIP

21st century Aboriginal People Lapita Peoples Earliest Austronesian (language group of Oceania) migrants to sail into the Pacific Ocean and establish settlements in pacific islands. Found throughout Pacific Islands Agriculture, animal herding Political organization based on chiefdoms Relatives formed aristocracy Trade over open ocean declines 500 BCE Greater independence of settlements * Early Human Migrations By 700 CE, humans had established communities in almost every habitable part of the world. Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations Early Mesoamerican societies 1200 BCE – 1100 CE Origins of Mesoamerican Societies Melting glaciers 18,000 years ago began a rise in ocean waters. Migration across Bering land bridge? Probably 13,000 BCE, perhaps earlier By sea from Asia? By 9500 BCE reached southernmost part of South America Hunter/Gatherer societies evolve into agricultural societies Olmecs 1200-100 BCE The “Rubber People” Ceremonial Centers San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapotes Olmec Heads Up to 10 ft tall, 20 tons Transported by dragging, rolling on logs 1000/workers per head The Olmecs The first major American civilization who built ceremonial centers around pyramids. Had an elaborate calendar, writing system and widespread trading network. There is evidence that the Olmec practiced ritual bloodletting and played the Mesoamerican ballgame, hallmarks of nearly all subsequent Mesoamerican societies. The Olmec heartland where the Olmecs reigned from 1400 - 500 BCE It is now generally accepted that these heads are portraits of rulers, perhaps dressed as ballplayers. 17 heads have been unearthed so far! Agriculture and Herding Abundant rainfall, so no need for irrigation Drainage systems to divert waters Staple: maize Herding: turkeys, barkless dogs Both food No draft animals No development of wheeled vehicles Olmec Society Probably authoritarian in nature Large class of conscripted laborers to construct ceremonial sites Also tombs for rulers, temples, pyra