Chapter2PhysicalLayer概要1.ppt

TV, cellular, satellite frequencies are heavily regulated. * These bands are used for WiFi, etc., not for cellular. * The path loss makes the signal fall of at least as fast as 1/d^2 due to the RF energy being spread out over a greater region. * The variation in signal strength as the sender/receiver move is a key hallmark of wireless. It means that data rates over wireless links can change dramatically; they are not fixed like a wire. * * MEO is used for navigation systems such as the GPS (Global Positioning System) rather than data communications. * Since the satellites are LEO, it does not take long for signals from the Earth to go up and down compared to GEO satellites. * Gray units can be optionally omitted without causing later gaps * Gray units can be optionally omitted without causing later gaps * This distinction is to encourage competition by splitting the local and long distance markets. Another regulation to promote competition is local number portability, i.e., you can take your telephone number when you change carriers, to make changing easier. * POTS = plain old telephone network, i.e., the traditional voice calls in the PSTN without modern improvements like DSL. * ADSL for “asymmetric DSL” is the most popular version of DSL. The asymmetric means that greater bandwidth hence greater data rates are allocated to downstream traffic. * GSM runs mostly in 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 MHz spectrum depending on the country * * * * * * UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (1) Architecture is an evolution of GSM; terminology differs Packets goes to/from the Internet via SGSN/GGSN Internet UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (2) Air interface based on CDMA over 5 MHz channels Rates over users 14.4 Mbps (HSPDA) per 5 MHz CDMA allows frequency reuse over all cells CDMA permits soft handoff (connected to both cells) Soft handoff Example Networks Public Switched Telephone Network Mobile Telephone System Cable Television Cable Television