i英语专业语言学Phonology 2012概要1.ppt

From phonetics to phonology Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps. Rather, sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors. For example, pat [ph?t], spat [sp?t] Velarization: clear l and dark l /?/ ? [?] / _____ V [?] / V _____ Think about tell and telling! The clear [l] occurs only before a vowel, the voiceless equivalent of [l] occurs only after a voiceless consonant, and the dark [l] occurs only after a vowel or a syllabic sound after a consonant. Like, love Please, clear, feel Help Teaching focus: 1.?Phonology and phonetics 2.?Phone, phoneme, and allophone 3. Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution and minimal pair 4.?Some rules in phonology 5.?Supra-segmental features 1.Phonology and phonetics Phonetics and phonology both study the same aspect of language--- speech sounds, but they differ in their approach and focus. Definition Phonetics --- a branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides the methods for the classification, description and transcription of speech sounds. Phonetics --- general: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess and how they can be classified. Definition Phonology: the study of the system and patterns of the speech sounds and how they work in the system of language. Phonology---language-specific; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Summary: Phonetics --- general; classification, description and transcription of speech sounds. Phonology---language-specific; the pattern of speech sounds. 2. Phone/Phoneme/Allophone 2.1. Phone (音素）: a phonetic unit Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language, that is, individual sounds as they occur in speech. # Conventionally, phones are pl