内环境稳态与神经内分泌概要1.pptxVIP

What is Physiology?;William Harvey was born in England in 1578. Harvey was fascinated by the way blood flowed through the human body. In 1628 Harvey published An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals which explained how blood was pumped from the heart throughout the body, then returned to the heart and recirculated. It became the basis for all modern research on the heart and blood vessels. ;生理学是医学的基础;近十余年与生理学有关的诺贝尔生理学与医学奖;近十余年与生理学有关的诺贝尔生理学与医学奖;神经内分泌与内环境的稳定;Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878);Internal Environment and Homeostasis;Internal environment;In fasting blood Arterial pH 7.35-7.45 Bicarbonate 22-27 mM/L O2 content 17.2-22.0 ml/100 ml Total lipid 400-800 mg/100 ml Glucose 75-110 mg/100 ml;Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878); Homeostasis? =? Maintaining a constant chemical/physical conditions of the internal environment in spite of changes in the external environment. ? Homeostasis is the central theme of physiology. stable =/= rigidity, can vary within narrow limit (normal physiological range) The golden goal of every organ : to maintain homeostasis (concept of REGULATION) ;Homeostasis Controls;Sensor Afferent Neuron Control Center Efferent Neuron Effector;2. Chemical (hormonal) Regulation- a regulator process performed by hormone or active chemical substance in blood or tissue. -It response slowly, acts extensively and lasts for a long time.;神经体液整合作用是高等动物实现内环境恒定所必需;下丘脑的解剖位置;下丘脑的位置;下丘脑的核团;下丘脑的核团;下丘脑-垂体门脉系统是一个独特的神经血液接触面;垂体的发生;下丘脑与垂体后叶的关系;下丘脑;从神经分泌到肽能神经元;下丘脑神经分泌大细胞分泌垂体激素;AVP的生物合成;AVP的生理功能;AVP对肾脏水重吸收是通过调节水通道而实现的;水通道的结构;;AVP对水通道的调节;OT的功能;AVP和OT神经元;下丘脑-腺垂体-靶腺轴;Hypothalamus-Adenohypophysis-Targets axis;甲状腺激素的生理作用;糖皮质激素的作用;糖皮质激素的作用;糖皮质激素促进胃酸和胃蛋白酶的分泌，抑制胃粘液分泌，加速胃上皮细胞脱落。 糖皮质激素增强白细胞溶酶体膜的稳定性，减少蛋白水解酶进入组织液，减轻对组织的损伤和炎症局部的渗出 + 抑制结缔组织成纤维细胞的增生→抗炎症。 糖皮质激素抑制浆细胞抗体的生成和组胺的生成→抗过敏。 ;有害刺激：疼痛 寒冷、创伤、缺氧;内外环境刺激： 寒冷、应激、妊娠;;脑是激素作用的靶器官;脑的性别特征是由性激素所决定的;中枢神经系统的性别二态性 ;人类下丘脑二态核;性激素通过组构和激活效应而影响神经系统的性别特性 ;甲状腺素对脑的作用;糖皮质激素受体