医学物理学chapter 10c_13概要1.ppt

Summary to the last lecture;De Broglie wave;10.7 The Heisenberg Uncertainty principle;(single-slit diffraction) a sin? = m ?;Another pair of important uncertainty is between time and energy, which can be derived by differentiating E with respective to p, ;Example: Suppose the velocities of an electron and of a rifle bullet of mass 0.03 kg have the same uncertainty of ?v = 10-3 ms-1. What are the minimum uncertainties in their positions? Solution: using ?x ?p = h and ?px = m ?v, For the electron, m = 9.11?10-31kg, ;Therefore, for the bullet, classical theory is still useful and accurate, but not for electrons. ;Classically: measuring accuracy (no limit) However, quantum-mechanically, the product of the momentum and position uncertainties must be at least as large as h. Therefore they could not be measured simultaneously accurately. Why? ;Example: measure the position and momentum of an electron with a powerful microscope. ;;Incoming photon: h/?. part or all of its momentum transfers to the electron. ;玻尔的名言： “谁要是第一次听到量子理论时没有感到困惑，那他一定没听懂。” “没有一个认真学习量子力学的人，不被它弄得头昏脑胀的” ;10.8 Schr?dinger equation;10.8.1 The interpretation of wave function;The wave function ?(x,y,z,t) for a particle contains all information about the particle. Two questions that immediately arise: First, what is the meaning of the wave function ? for a particle? Second, how is ? to be determined for any given physical situation? ;Answer to question 1: Wave function can describes The distribution, the probability, charge density at any point in space. In addition, from ? one can calculate the average position of the particle, its average velocity, and dynamic quantities such as momentum, energy, and angular momentum. ;The answer to the second question: wave function must be one of a set of solutions of Schr?dinger equation, developed by Schr?dinger in 1925. set up a Schr?dinger equation for any given physical situation, such as electron in hydrogen atom; the functions that are solutions of th