国际贸易学(英)第9章概要1.pptVIP

* Chapter 9 Non-tariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism Chapter 9 Non-tariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism 9.1 Import quotas a quota is the most important non-tariff trade barrier. It is a direct quantitative restriction on the amount of a commodity allowed to be imported or exported. 9.1.1 The effects of an import quota Import quotas ---- used by all industrial nations to protect their agriculture ---- used by developing nations to stimulate import substitution of manufactured products and for balance-of-payments reasons. 9.1.2 Comparison of an Import Quota to an Import Tariff a. With a given import quota, an increase in demand higher domestic price and greater domestic production With a given import tariff, an increase in demand domestic price and domestic production unchanged but will result in higher consumption and imports b. The quota involves the distribution of import quota monopoly profits bribe government officials c. An import quota limits imports to the specified level with certainty, while the trade effect of an import tariff may be uncertain. 9.1.3 the forms of quotas Absolute Quota Tariff Quota Global Quota (Unallocated Quota) Country Quota Autonomous Quota (Unilateral Quota) Agreement Quota Importer Quota 9.2 Other non-tariff Barriers 9.2.1 Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) An importing country induces another nation to reduce its exports of a commodity “voluntarily,” under the threat of higher all-round trade restrictions, when these exports threaten an entire domestic industry. 9.2.2 Import License System Open General License --- OGL Specific License ---SL 9.2.3 Foreign Exchange control 9.2.4 Advanced Deposit 9.2.5 Minimum Price 9.2.6 Internal Taxes 9.2.7 State Monopoly (State trade) 9.2.8 Discriminatory Government Procurement Policy 9.2.9 Customs Procedures 9.2.10 Techn