慢性阻塞性肺疾病——危险因素分析.pptVIP

Who is at Risk for COPD ? 01 Of those who smoke about 20% will get COPD, and of those who are lifelong(终身的) smokers about half will get COPD. In the United States and United Kingdom, of those with COPD, 80-95% are either current smokers or previously smoked. The likelihood(可能性) of developing COPD increases with the total smoke exposure. Smoking 02 Additionally(附加的), women are more susceptible(易受影响的) to the harmful effects of smoke than men. In non-smokers, secondhand smoke is the cause of about 20% of cases. Other types of smoke, such as marijuana(大麻), cigar, and water pipe smoke, also confer(授予) a risk(风险). Women who smoke during pregnancy may increase the risk of COPD in their child. Percentage of females smoking tobacco as of the late 1990s early 2000s Percentage of males smoking tobacco as of the late 1990s early 2000s. 03 Air pollution Poorly ventilated(通风的) cooking fires, often fueled by coal or biomass fuels such as wood and animal dung(粪), lead to indoor air pollution and are one of the most common causes of COPD in developing countries. 04 These fires are a method of cooking and heating for nearly 3 billion people with their health effects being greater among women due to more exposure(暴露). People who live in large cities have a higher rate of COPD compared to people who live in rural(农村的) areas. While urban air pollution is a contributing(贡献的) factor(因素) in exacerbations(恶化), its overall role as a cause of COPD is unclear. 05 Occupational exposures Intense(强烈的) and prolonged(延长的) exposure(暴露) to workplace dusts, chemicals and fumes(烟) increase the risk(风险) of COPD in both smokers and nonsmokers. Workplace exposures are believed to be the cause in 10-20% of cases. 06 In some professions the risks(风险) have been estimated(估计的) as equivalent(等价的) to that of half to two packs of cigarettes a day. Silica dust exposure(暴露) can also lead to COPD, with the risk unrelated(无关的) to that for silicosis. 07 Gen