2013年4月14日托福阅读考题解析.docVIP

2013年4月14日托福阅读考题解析 　　题目重复情况：第一篇From Cottage To Industry，重复2010.2.21NA/2012.1.14ML；第二篇Species Diversity，重复2011.11.12NA；第三篇The Greek Dark Ages（有配图，古希腊地图Ancient Greek），重复2012.10.14ML/2012.3.24ML/2011.4.30NA。 　　所有词汇题： 　　marginally=slightly 　　inevitable 　　versatile 　　elaborate=complex 　　inducement=incentive 　　accelerating=increasing in speed 　　interrupt 　　stagnation 　　to be sure=certainly 　　exploit=take advantage of 　　第一篇：From Cottage To Industry 　　最早是手工业cottage，家庭作坊装不下大型机器machinery，所以factory工厂出现。 　　早期工厂early factories里面这些机器，作坊也有，为什么要有工厂？ 　　一般认为是技术进步使工业化，但是实际上应该是反过来，工业化后有了平台，有了对技术的需求，进而才有的技术进步。 　　1750年以后出现工厂生产。解释一，剥削exploit。原来在家自己管自己，工作时间不确定，而在工厂有严格时间要求。但是，也不能确定在家就比在工厂工作时间短。同时，这也能减少把原材料运到作坊的成本。 　　解释二，便于集中组织管理。而实际上1750年以前就有集中的生产centralized workshop，但当时主要是造船、军工、奢侈品贸易luxury goods等，需要政府资助government sponsor才能够生存。 　　作坊也有优势，在萧条期，可以随时减少生产量。 　　以上解释都无法说明为何非要发生在1750年这个时间timing。文章最后说，大概就是1750年以后时机适合，所以才出现。 　　Factory System[?/wiki/Factory_system] 　　The factory system was a method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread abroad. This system replaced the putting-out system. The main characteristic of the factory system was the use of machinery, usually powered by water or steam. Other characteristics of the system mostly derive from the use of machinery or economies of scale. These characteristics are: 　　Change from craftsman labor to mechanized production: Before factories many products such as shoes and muskets were made by skilled craftsmen who usually made an entire article, often custom and almost always unique. In contrast, factories practiced division of labour, in which most workers were either low skilled laborers who tended or operated machinery and unskilled laborers who moved materials, semi-finished and finished goods. There were a few skilled mechanics. Division of labor was also practiced by the putting out system in which, for example, pieces of leather were cut off-site and brought to a centra