chapter 1 chemical foundation 第一章化学的基础.pptVIP

7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties  Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase English Ionization Energy the first ionization energy The second ionization energy 中文翻譯 游離能 第一游離能 第二游離能 Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. The first ionization energy increases when we go across a period from left to right. The first ionization energy decreases in going down a group. English Electron affinity 中文翻譯 電子親和力 Electron affinity is the energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom. In general, the electron affinities become more negative (exothermic) from left to right across a period. There are several exceptions to this rule in each period, which consider the change in electron repulsions as a function of electron configuration. When we go down a group, electron affinity should become more positive (less energy released) since the electron is added at increasing distances from the nucleus. 放熱越多 放熱越多 Exceptions 例外 The atomic radii decrease in going from left to right across a period because of the increasing effective nuclear charge. The valence electrons are drawn closer to the nucleus, decreasing the size of the atom. Atomic radius increases down a group, because of the increases in the orbital size in successive principal quantum number n. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in molecule to attract shared electrons to itself. A molecule has a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge is said to be dipolar or to have a dipole moment. VSEPR Model valence shell electron-pair repulsion model * * * * * Heisenberg uncertainty principle Δx = uncertainty in a particle’s position Δ(mν) = uncertainty in a particle’s momentum h = Planck’s constant English Wavefunction Probability distribution Orbital 中文翻譯 波函數 機率分佈 軌域 Physical Meaning of a Wave Function (Ψ) The square of the function indicates the probability of finding an electron near a particular point in space. 7.6