《物质结构 元素周期律》专题复习（Review on the periodic law of the elements）.docVIP

《物质结构 元素周期律》专题复习（Review on the periodic law of the elements） Review on the periodic law of the elements Zhang Yunmiao [review of knowledge] 1. Periodic table 1. Periodic table (1) cycle: the elements that have the same number of electrons are arranged in a sequence of ascending order of atomic number. (2) ethnic group: columns with the same valence electron number ascending in order of the number of electrons. (3) main race: a group composed of short period elements and long period elements. (4) subgroup: a group composed entirely of long period elements. (5) zeros: one column of the ascending order of rare gas elements ascending in sequence of atomic number. Since they are often difficult to chemically react with other substances, they are considered to be 0, so they are called zeros. 2. Element properties and atomic structure (1) the nature of the alkali metal element grading rule: from top to bottom, with increasing the number of nuclear charge, alkali metal elements atomic number of shells, the attraction of an outer electrons, electronic power gradually increase, reducing gradually enhanced. (2) the nature of the halogen element grading rule: from top to bottom, with increasing the number of nuclear charge, halogen elements atomic number of shells, the attraction of an outer electrons, electronic ability weakened, oxidizing gradually weakened. 3. The nuclide (1) protons: the elementary particles that make up atoms, which together form the nucleus together with neutrons. The proton has a positive charge, the charge is the same as the charge of the electron, and the electricity is the opposite. (2) neutrons: the elementary particles that make up the atom, which together form the nucleus together with the protons. A neutron is an uncharged neutral particle which has a slightly larger mass than a proton. (3) electron: the elementary particle that makes up the atom, which is moving at high speed outside the nucleus. The electron has a negative charge, and the charge