USSocialMovements英语国家概况.pptVIP

US Social Movements of the 1960s A ‘Cultural Revolution’ Questions Why were they so many social movements in the 1960s? What did they hope to achieve? Were they successful? Were they uniquely American or were they influenced from outside? The ‘Swinging Sixties’ Civil Rights The Peace Movement Counter-culture Women’s Liberation Civil Rights: Freedom not equality (1865-1965) Civil Rights Tactics Rosa Parks, 1955: bus boycott. Greensboro sit-in, 1960. ‘Freedom rides’, 1961. March on Washington, 1963. Protest and Counter-protest Legal Changes Black men were permitted to vote after 1865, but southern states then changed their constitutions to make voter registration more complex. Voting Rights Act of 1965: literacy tests etc used to restrict black voting were made illegal. ugg Vietnam War - background 1954: the French army pulled out after being defeated. Vietnam divided into Communist north capitalist south. 1965: direct US military intervention (3000 troops) Peace Protests 1969: 500,000 troops. Total US deaths: 60,000. Draft* ended in 1973. 1975: Saigon fell. Counter-culture The Women’s Movement Civil Rights Act, 1964 (women’s rights protected) Social Origins of Protest Ideology – theories of protest were used: e.g. Gandhi (‘non-violent direct action’). Mass education – with increasing numbers going to college (since WW2), people knew about their rights. Wealth – In a growing economy, the middle class had time to think; (very poor people focus on survival). Communication – media, mobility and urbanisation (serving in the army) opened people’s eyes to injustice. Risk – conscription affected all classes directly and many parents did not want their sons to risk dying in war. Summary Civil rights – blacks began to demand their constitutional rights The Federal gov’t was forced to confront local state discrimination in the South Students protested against the Vietnam war (and the draft) Youth culture developed into counter-culture Women began to question their traditio