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INTERMOLECULAR FORCES - UCLA Chemistry (分子间作用力,加州大学洛杉矶分校化学)
___________________________INTERMOLECULAR FORCES___________________________
Intermolecular forces- forces of attraction and repulsion between molecules that hold molecules, ions, and atoms
together.
Intramolecular - forces of chemical bonds within a molecule
Boiling Point and Electronegativity
Boiling Point
- the temperature at which the liquid form of a compound vaporizes into a gas.
- the attractive forces in the liquid must be overcome to become a gas.
- boiling point of 0 = no attractive force
Trends:
Boiling Point example from Bruice 5.2
Explain trend in boiling points of H Halides: HCl, - 85`C; HBr, -67`C; HI, -15`C
Answer:
Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling points. The dipole moments increase with the polarity of the
H-X bond (the greater the difference in EN between the H and halogen atoms, the stronger the dipole-dipole
attractions.) The strength of London forces increases with the number of electrons
Cl is more EN than I so HCl should have a greater boiling point but this data suggests that London forces dominate
dipole-dipole interactions for these molecules since Iodine is larger than Cl.
Relative Boiling Points
amide carboxylic acid nitrile Ester ~acyl chloride ~aldehyde~ keytone
Amides have highest boiling points because they have strong dipole-dipole interactions because of resonance.
Electronegativity - the attractive force that an atom exerts on an electron (e-)
- closer e- to nucleus = more electronegative
- more protons, more positive, more attractive to e-
Electronegative difference:
Ionic Bonds = 2.0
Polar Covalent Bonds = 0.5 - 2.0
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds (equal sharing of e-) = 0.5
- Electrostatic Attraction (common in every noncovalent molecular force)= when opposite charges with permanent
dipoles attract bonding
IONIC_____
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