水利工程201309.pdf

Hydraulic Engineering (水利工程) • Dam 坝 • Three-gorges dam 三峡大坝 • 南水北调工程 • 上海青草沙工程 Dam(坝) Dams are structures designed to restrict the flow of a stream or river, thus forming a pond, lake, or reservoir behind the wall. Dams are used for flood control, for production of hydroelectric power, to store and distribute water for agriculture and human populations, recreation sites, and as shipping. Classification of Dams • Dams may be classified according to the general purpose. • These include storage, diversion(分流), and detention （滞洪）. • Storage dams are built to provide a reliable source of water for short or long periods of time. Dam Construction There are four main types of dams: • Arch(拱坝) • gravity(重力坝) • Embankment(土石坝) • buttress dams(支墩坝) Arch dam 拱 的 原 理 ？ 溢 流 Gravity Dam Embankment Dam （土石坝） 混凝土面板堆石坝 Upstream Concrete facing Downstream Rock Materials Buttress Dam (支墩坝) High Dam No. in the world h 15m 30m 100m 150m World 49697 12600 670 155 Japan 2877 106 11 China 25800 4694 140 24 High Dam No. （2005） Country High Da