Chapter 4 Fundamentals of LaserMaterial （第四章激光材料的基础）.pdf

Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Laser-Material Interaction and Application to Multiscale Surface Modification Matthew S. Brown and Craig B. Arnold Abstract Lasers provide the ability to accurately deliver large amounts of energy into confined regions of a material in order to achieve a desired response. For opaque materials, this energy is absorbed near the surface, modifying surface chem- istry, crystal structure, and/or multiscale morphology without altering the bulk. This chapter covers a brief introduction to the fundamental principles governing laser propagation and absorption as well as the resulting material responses. We then highlight two case studies of improving efficiency in photovoltaic and optoelec- tronic devices as well as optimizing cell-surface interactions in biological interfaces. 4.1 Introduction Modification of surface properties over multiple length scales plays an important role in optimizing a material’s performance for a given application. For instance, the cosmetic appearance of a surface and its absorption properties can be controlled by altering its texture [ 1, 2] and presence of chemical impurities in the surface [3]. A material’s susceptibility to wear and surface damage can be reduced by altering its surface chemistry, morphology, and crystal structure [4]. Also, one can consider the frictional, adhesive, and wetting forces acting at a material interface as being strongly influenced by the size and shape of the micro and nanoscale features present [5]. As such, multiscale surface modifications are a critical factor in the development of new material structures and in engineering the detailed interactions that occur at surfaces and interfaces. From the earliest work with pulsed ruby lasers, it has been understood that the unique interaction of laser light with a material can lead to permanent changes in the material’s properties not easily achievable through other means. Laser irr