Mixing of The Production of Bulk Chemicals （混合批量生产的化学物质）.pdfVIP

Mixing of The Production of Bulk Chemicals Overview Bulk chemicals or commodity chemicals are a broad chemical category including polymers, petrochemicals, other derivatives and basic industrials, inorganic chemicals, and fertilizers. Typical growth rates for basic chemicals are about 0.5 to 0.7 times a country’s GDP and product prices are generally less than fifty cents per pound. Mixing and chemical reaction are closely related topics as chemicals need to be agitated in order to make contact and react with one another. 1,2,3 Insufficient mixing and mass transfer could influence reaction rate and product distribution. In 1989, the cost of poor mixing was estimated at $1 billion to $10 billion in the U.S. chemical industry alone .3 In one multinational chemical company, lost value due to poor mixing was estimated at $100 million per year in 1993.3 Yield losses of 5% due to poor mixing are typical.3 Figure 1. An industrial-size stirred reactor with multiple impellers and baffle4 Examples of industrial applications of mixing in the chemical industry3 include:  Mixing miscible/dispersing immiscible reactants  Dissolving gases (e.g., chlorination processes)  Providing plug flow and controlled-reaction conditions in tubular reactors with low or high viscous fluids  Dispersing liquids in extraction and washing processes  Mixing gases in front of catalytic reactors (e.g., the production of styrene, nitric acid, maleic anhydride)  Vaporizing liquids in front of oxidation reactors (e.g., xylene in phthalic anhydride plants)  Co-current scrubbing acid process gas components  Homogenizing process and product streams for representative sampling  Neutralizing or pH adjustment/control of process streams with caustic or acid The mixing issues of the following four chemical reactions plus a crystallization process, which a chemical enginee