汉语语序总体特点和其功能解释.docVIP

The overall characteristics of Chinese word order and their explanations ---- From topic-prominent to focus-prominent ---- The most prominent characteristics of Chinese word order are the prepositioning of all adverbials and the existence of the so-called degree complement. The current article explains the two characteristics from the functional perspective. It is claimed in the article that the two characteristics are both explainable in terms of the principle that Chinese basic word order is more sensitive to the informational direction from more topic-like component to more focus-like one. For example, time and location adverbials precede verbs because they normally represent background, similar to background topic. As for manner adverbials, when they are not foci, they must precede; when they are foci, they must be postpositioned and surfaced as degree complements. The functional classification of languages began with the marking of topics. Later, the marking of foci has been paid attention. The current article argues that the marking of complements of neither topics nor foci is also important in the functional classification of languages. Compared with other pragmatically configurational languages, such as Russian, the unique feature of Chinese word order lies in the fact that the pragmatic function is encoded to a greater extent into the basic order, rather than into derivational orders. 汉语语序的总体特点及其功能解释 ---- 从话题突出到焦点突出 ---- 南昌大学 陆丙甫 【提要】在 SVO 语言中，汉语最显著的两个语序特点是：状语全部前置于动词，具有其他语言所没有的后置“程度补语”。本文从语用角度探讨其原因，认为这两个特点都能用汉语语序对“从话题性强的成分到焦点性强的成分”这个信息流的自然方向更敏感这一基本特点去解释。因为如此，带有较多背景话题性的成分，如时间、处所状语，在汉语中就一律前置。其次，在绝大多数SVO 语言中都后置于动词的方式状语，只要不是焦点性的，汉语中也只能出现在动词前。而焦点性的状语，在汉语中则表现为后置的程度补语。 本文也指出，同其他语序主要表示语用功能的语言相比，汉语语序的特点是语用功能在更大程度上被语法化在基本语序上，而不是派生的语序变体上。 关键词：语序、指称性、可别度、话题、焦点、状语语序 0．引言：从类型学看汉语语序的主要特点 从语序来看汉语的特点，最显著的可以说是状语的位置了。将汉语同其他 SVO 语言比较，很容易发现汉语最明显的一个特点是所有状语前置于动词，而其他SVO 语言的状语都是以后置于动词为基本位置，例如印欧语中分属日尔曼、斯拉夫、拉丁语族的英语、俄语、葡萄牙语，东南亚语言中的越南语和泰语等等。以时间、处所、方式三个状语来说，在汉语和英语中的语